
Class 
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COPyRIGHT DEPOSIT 



Manual of 
Corn Judging 



By 
ARCHIBALD DIXON SHAMEL 



l^rrnnb Sblttctt 




NEW YORK 

ORANGE JUDD COMPANY 

52 LAFAYETTE PLACE 
1903 



Mx?6' 



THE LIBRARY Of 

CONGRESS, 
Tv»o CtoPtcF RsceivES 



CLARS ou XX<V No. 
^ COPY 8, 



Copyright 1903 

by 

Oeange Judd COMPAinr 






Dedication 

To the Illinois Corn Growers' and Seed Corn Breeders' 

Associations, representing, as they do, the first organized 

attempts to extend the production and improve the quality 

of the greatest of cereals, this little Manual is respectfully 

dedicated. 

The Author. 



Preface 



The preparation of the first edition of this Manual of 
Corn Judging was prompted by the need of such an out- 
line in my class room. During the following winter it 
was found to be useful in the work of the various schools 
of corn judging, farmers' institutes, fairs and like places, 
where corn was studied. The entire edition was quickly^ 
exhausted, and in response to a continued call for addi- 
tional copies I have made arrangements to issue this edi- 
tion. In view of the constant improvements in the 
methods of judging samples, I have taken the opportunity 
to make a few changes and additions to the matter pre- 
sented in the first issue. 

I beg leave to express my sincere thanks for aid in the 
preparation of this work, to Mr. C. A. Shamel and others 
who have kindly assisted me in the arrangement of the 
material in the Manual. 

It will probably be necessary to issue editions every year 
or so, in order to keep abreast of discoveries and the re- 
sults of investigations in corn. In this way it will be pos- 
sible to present the very best information to the corn 
students. 

A. D. SHAMEL. 

TJ. 8. Dept. Agriculture, 

Washington, D, C, Aug. 26, 1903, 



Table of Contents 



PAGE 

Preface 7 

How TO Handle Samples 11 

Outline for Premium List 19 

EuLES Governing Exhibits 23 

Standards of Perfection 25 

Variety Measurements 26 

Iowa Score Card and Rules for Judging 27 

Indiana Score Card and Rules for Judging 31 

Nebraska Score Card and Rules for Judging 33 

Kansas Score Card and Rules for Judging 35 

Illinois Score Card and Rules for Judging 37 

Study of Characteristics 39 

The Work of Scoring 47 

Testing the Vitality of Seed Corn 55 

Storing Seed Corn 67 

Arrangement of Score Record 69 

Arrangement for Individual Sample 71 

Arrangement for General Sample 72 



Corn Judging 



The object of corn judging is to compare samples of 
corn by a uniform standard in order to determine the best 
sample for seed, and by best seed corn is meant that which 
will yield the most corn of the highest quality either for 
feeding or for market, and is consequently the most profit- 
able to grow. The method consists in comparing the 
samples of corn with the standard scale of points which is 
supposed to contain all of the qualifications of the best seed 
corn, viz: 

First, those points that insure high quality for consump- 
tion, such as soundness, maturity, etc. 

Second, such as insure good yield, as size, uniformity, 
shape of ears, shape of kernels, well filled butts and tips, 
per cent of corn, etc. 

Third, such as insure a perfect stand, as the per cent 
and vigor of germination. 

Fourth, if the sample be a pure bred variety, such as 
trueness to color and type and the characteristics of that 
variety. 

Fifth, the value of the sample for feeding or manufac- 
turing purposes, such as the comparative per cent of oil, 
protein and starch in its composition. 

These standards have been arranged and developed by 
experienced growers and corn experts, so that a sample 
which best fills their conditions has been found to be the 
best yielding, has the highest degree of vitality and is the 
most profitable corn to grow. The standards for the 
different races of dent corn have not been developed and 
perfected so that a standard for each race can be pre- 



12 



MANUAL OF 




CORN JUDGING 13 

sented in this manual. There is little doubt, however, 
that the next step in advance in corn judging" will be 
the production of a separate standard for each race. 

From the fact that corn is affected by and responds to 
climatic conditions, so that there is a difference in some 
of the characteristics of a race grown in one state com- 
pared with samples produced in another state, it has been 
found advisable to adopt score cards for each state, 
modified to take into account the differences which arise 
from growing the races under different climatic and 
soil conditions. These general score cards used in judg- 
ing exhibits of corn in the different states are presented 
in the following pages, but the general considerations 
which must be taken into account in judging samples of 
corn in any state are the same. In other words, the 
principles of judging apply to all conditions and must 
be thoroughly understood in order to judge corn success- 
fully. 

On the judging table it is absolutely necessary to keep 
this fact in mind, viz : that the judge is not only to com- 
pare one sample with another, but each with the standard 
separately and independently, in order that its individual 
proper ranking may be determined. It is a good plan 
to keep the scores of all of the different samples in any 
one exhibit, laid out side by side, so that at any time a 
comparison of scores may be easily made. It is advisable 
in scoring any point in a sample to have the samples 
previously judged so arranged that by a glance the mark- 
ing given to that point in the samples already judged 
can be seen and taken into consideration in determining 
the score of the sample in hand on that point. 

The score cards and standards of perfection are useful 
as guides to the careful study of the characteristics 
of a sample of corn, consequently to the sample as a 
whole. However, if the score cards are used in an 
absolute mathematical sense, certain points which cannot 



14 



MANUAL OF 









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CORN JUDGING 15 

be taken into account in the preparation of a score card 
interfere with the results and frequently cause a wrong 
decision, e. g., with the uniformity of exhibit. In other 
words, there are no absolute rules which can be laid 
down by which samples of corn can be properly judged. 
The judgment of the person who is comparing the sam- 
ples must enter into the score, and his experience guide 
him in marking each point in the score card. 

In exhibits of corn ten ears usually constitute a 
sample. This number makes it possible to get a fair 
idea of the general uniformity of the race, and at the 
same time it offers a convenient number for the neces- 
sary calculations in the scoring of the samples. How- 
ever, the number of ears is a matter which must be 
decided by the judges, and will necessarily vary under 
certain conditions. Other things being equal, a large 
number of ears is better than a small number. Of course 
exceptions must be made for exhibits of best individual 
ears and other cases, in which event the sample is scored 
in the same manner as an exhibit of ten ears, and the 
total score multiplied by ten in order to have all the 
scores on a uniform basis. Where one hundred ears, more 
or less, are presented as a sample, it will be found to be 
most convenient to take out ten ears, say every tenth 
ear, and judge this sample for all of the points except 
uniformity and other general characteristics where the 
entire sample may be taken into consideration. 

In selecting corn for an exhibit great care should 
be taken that the individual ears are not injured in 
any way. By carelessly dropping an ear part of the 
kernels may be shelled off or mutilated. This will inter- 
fere in determining the per cent of com in the ear, and 
leave doubt as to the purity of the color of the grains. 
The judge may take into account the actual condition 
of the sample, so that every missing grain or injury 
will reduce the total score. During the process of judging 



16 



MANUAL OF 




CORN JUDGING 17 

the ears should be handled as little as possible consistent 
with a careful examination of all points. The ears 
should always be laid down in the same order as taken 
up, and in such manner that the ears will not be injured 
in any way. In no case is it necessary to twist or break 
the ears, in this way injuring them for future examina- 
tion. All of these points are matters of training and 
experience, and all judges should be required to show 
evidence of a course of training in this work which 
fits them for their duties. 

In judging corn it is necessary to expedite matters 
as much as possible. All unnecessary moves must be 
left out. The eye must be trained to accurately judge 
any one point at first examination. Ten minutes is 
long enough to judge all points in a sample, except 
shelling representative ears to determine the per cent 
of corn on the ear. In order to make a close and accurate 
comparative study, it is advisable to lay all of the samples 
in any one class side by side on some convenient table. 
This table should be of convenient hight for working 
easily and without strain. The light should fall evenly 
over the entire exhibit, and it is absolutely necessary 
to have a strong light. Much of the difference in color 
of kernels can only be detected by the closest observation 
in the best possible light. In all cases a good light 
must fall on the tips of the ears, and the judging table 
should be arranged so that one can easily and quickly 
examine the tips and butts of ears by bending over 
the table. 

Classification- 

The samples of corn in exhibits are usually entered 
under some general system of classification. This method 
has been necessary from the fact that distinct races 
have not been recognized by growers or breeders. In 
other words, there has been no uniform basis for a classi- 



18 



MANUAL OF 




CORN JUDGING 19 

fication of the samples. With the advent of the state 
com breeders' and growers' associations the matter of 
pure bred races of corn has been emphasized, and it has 
become possible to distinguish between the diilerent races 
represented in the general exhibits of corn. For instance, 
the Illinois Seed Corn Breeders' association recognizes 
seven distinct races, viz: (White) Boone County White, 
Silvermine, White Superior, and (Yellow) Learning, 
Reid's Yellow Dent, Biley's Favorite and Golden Eagle. 
Other races are being developed in this state by the 
corn breeders, and other states naturally possess different 
races than those grown in Illinois. In order to stimulate 
this practice of growing standard races, it is advisable 
to arrange the premium list with that end in view. It 
should be the duty of every officer having in charge 
exhibits of corn to become familiar with the work of 
the com breeders' and corn growers' associations of his 
state and arrange his premium list on the basis recom- 
mended by these organizations. Necessarily the premium 
lists will vary with different sections of any state, and 
particularly as between different states, but the prin- 
ciple underlying their arrangement holds true under all 
conditions. In every case the object of com exhibits is 
to benefit the interests of corn, therefore the premium 
lists should be carefully arranged so that the final result 
of this work will be a permanent benefit to the com 
growing interests. 

Outline for Premium List 

The greatest cause of confusion in the development 
of pure bred races of corn arises from differences in 
ideas as to the characteristics of any race among breed- 
ers and growers. A comparison of typical samples of 
the different races of corn in exhibits is probably one 
of the most effective means of disseminating information 
in regard to the characteristics of any race. This is 



20 



MANUAL OF 




CORN JUDGING 21 

particularly true if the exhibit is so arranged that a 
comparison of samples belonging to different races can 
be easily made. It follows, therefore, that the outline 
of the premium list should be such as to assist in bringing 
the samples together in such manner that will permit of 
study by growers and visitors who inspect the exhibit. 
In order to assist the officers of shows, fairs and other 
places where corn is exhibited, the following brief outline 
for a premium list is given : 

Class A 

Prizes for best samples of 10 ears of standard varieties 
of white corn. 1st premium, $5.00 ; 2nd, $3.00 ; 3rd, $1.00. 
Lot 1. Boone County White. 
Lot 2. Silvermine. 
Lot 3. White Superior. 
Lot 4. Other Varieties. 

Class B 

Prizes for best samples of 10 ears of standard varieties 
of yellow corn. 1st premium, $5.00 ; 2nd, $3.00 ; 3rd, $1.00. 

Lot 1. Learning. 

Lot 2. Eeid's Yellow Dent. 

Lot 3. Golden Eagle. 

Lot 4. Riley's Favorite. 

Lot 5. Other Varieties. 

Class C 

Prizes for best samples of 10 ears of mixed varieties. 
1st premium, $5.00 ; 2nd, $3.00 ; 3rd, $1.00. 
Lot 1. Early. 
Lot 2. Medium. 
Lot 3. Late. 



22 manual op 

Class D 

Prizes for best bushels of corn. 1st premium, $25.00; 
2nd, $15.00; 3rd, $10.00. 

Lot 1. White. 
Lot 2. Yellow. 
Lot 3. Mixed. 

Class E 

Prizes for best ears of corn. 1st premium, $1.00; 
2nd, $.50 ; 3rd, $.25. 

Lot 1. Boone County White. 

Lot 2. Silvermine. 

Lot 3. White Superior. 

Lot 4. Learning. 

Lot 5. Eeid's Yellow Dent. 

Lot 6. Kiley's Favorite. 

Lot Y. Golden Eagle. 

Lot 8. Other Varieties. 

Class E 

Prizes for best samples of 10 ears of varieties of sweet 
corn. 

Class G 

Prizes for best samples of 10 ears of varieties of pop 
corn. 

Class H 

Prizes for best samples of 10 ears of any varieties of 
dent corn. 



4 



CORN JUDGING S3 

Class I. Special Premiums 

Under this head, and further classes, special premiums 
for particular purposes may be offered. 

Rules Governing Exhibits 

1. Only one entry can be made by an exhibitor in any 
class. 

2. An exhibitor is barred from exhibiting in more 
than three classes. 

3. The samples of corn must have been grown by the 
exhibitor during the summer immediately preceding the 
exhibition. 

4. The samples must not be treated unfairly by taking 
out poor and mixed or otherwise injured kernels and 
replacing them by good ones, but groomingj of the ears in 
such manner as to allow of the best possible natural 
presentation is strongly recommended. Any unfair or 
''tricky" occurrences bar the exhibitor from all entries 
and all privileges of the exhibition. 

5. Corn for exhibition must be delivered to the ex- 
hibit committee three days before the opening of the 
exhibition, carefully labeled with the name of the 
exhibitor, date, address, lot and class under which the 
sample is to be exhibited. This label should be pasted 
conspicuously on the outside of the package in which the 
sample is sent and tied on at least one of the ears of the 
sample. 

6. The exhibits are all subject to all necessary handling 
by the judges, but remain the property of the exhibitor 
and may be secure'l by him immediately after the exhibit 
is closed and awp.r'^.s m^de. 

7. No profession -^1 c^rn breeder, seed dealer or expert 
judge will be allowed to exhibit, except in classes specially 
arranged for them. 



24: 



MANUAL OF 




CORN JUDGING 25 

8. Exhibits must be sent with all charges prepaid. 

9. Competition open to state in all classes. 

10. Lot 1, class A, and lot 1, class B, and class I open 
to competition of the world. 

11. All exhibits are to be judged by expert judges 
holding certificates as such, and according to the score 
cards and standards of perfection adopted by the State 
Corn Growers association. 

The above outline for premium lists and rules govern- 
ing exhibits are simply suggestions embodying the prin- 
ciples underlying successful exhibitions of corn. It will 
be found necessary in every case to adapt the premium 
lists and rules to local conditions and circumstances. 

Standards of Perfection 

By standards of perfection is meant the types which 
breeders and growers recognize as the best and most desir- 
able, and to which every effort is directed in bringing up 
the individuals of the races. Standards must be devel- 
oped in the case of new races, and old standards changed 
during the process of the improvement of the established 
races. In order to aid in the development of these stand- 
ards, the following table of standards of perfection for 
the established races is presented : 



f6 



MANUAL OF 





Name op Variety 




Dent 


12&" 


Riley's 
Favor- 
ite 


Leam- 
ing 


Boone 
County 
White 


Silver- 
mine 


White 
Superior 


Eai:- 
Shape . . 


slowly 
tapering 


slowly 
tapering 


slowly 
tapering 


tapering 


Si 


cylin- 
drical 


slowly 
tapering 


Length . 
Circum- 
ference 


10 in. 


9 in. 


9 in. 


10 in. 


10 in. 


9 in. 


10 in. 


Tin. 


7 in. 


Tin. 


Tin. 


T.5 in. 


Tin. 


Tin. 


Kkrnel— 
Condition 


firm 
upright 


loose 
upright 


firm 
upright 


firm 
upright 


firm 
upright 


firm 
upright 


firm 
upright 


Color. . . 


light 
yellow 


deep 
yellow 


deep 
yellow 


deep 

yeUow 


pearl 
white 


cream 
white 


starch 
white 


Indenta- 
tion . . . 


medium 
smooth 


very 
rough 


rough 


rough 


rough 


rough 


medium 
rough 


Shape . . 


long 
wedge 


broad 
wedge 


medium 
wedge 


medium 
wedge 


medium 
wedge 


broad 
wedge 


very 
broad 
wedge 


Rows- 
Number . 


18-24 


16-20 


16-20 


16-24 


16-22 


16-20 


18-20 


Space . . 
Arrange- 
ment . . 


narrow 


medium 


medium 


medium 


medium 


narrow 


medium 


pairs 


distinct 


pairs 


pairs 


pairs 


pairs 


pairs 


Butt— 
Filling 
out . . . 


deeply 
rounded 

com- 
pressed 


moder- 
ately , 
rounded 

com- 
pressed 


moder- 
ately 
rounded 

com- 
pressed 


moder- 
ately 
rounded 

com- 
pressed 
exp'nd'd 


moder- 
ately 
rounded 

com- 
pressed 


moder- 
rounded 


shallow 

rounded 

de- ^ 

pressed 


''^r^mng 

out . . . 


regular 
rows of 
kernels 


regular 
rows of 
kernels 


regular 
rows of 
kernels 


irregular 
rows of 
kernels 


regular 
rows of 
kernels 


regular 
rows of 
kernels 


regular 
rows of 
kernels 


SHANK— 

Size . . . 


small 


small 


small 


medium 


medium 


small 


medium 


"°s!S... 


medium 


small 


small 


medium 


medium 


small 


medium 


Color. . . 


deep red 


deep red 


deep red 


deep red 


white 


white 


white 


Per Cent 
OF Corn 


88 


90 


90 


88 


86 


90 


88 



Score Cards 



In view of the fact that the different states have 
adopted and use different score cards, owing to well 
recognized differences in soil, climate and other condi- 
tions of production, it will be necessary to present the 
score cards adopted by each state separately. 



corn judging ^' 

Iowa Score Card and Eules for Judging 



PERFECT 
POINTS SCORE 

1 Trueness to type or 

breed characteris- 
tics 10 

2 Shape of ears 10 

3 Color— 

a Grain 5 

6 Cob 5 

4 Market condition 10 

5 Tips 5 

6 Butts 5 



7 Kernels— 

a Uniformity 10 

& Shape 5 



8 Length of ears. 



10 



9 Circumference o f 

ear* 5 

10 Space— 

a Furro w s be- 
tween rows 5 

& Space between 
kernels at cob.. 5 

11 Proportion of grain 

to cob 10 



EXPLANATION 

The ten ears of the sainple 
should possess similar or like 
characteristics and should De 
true to the variety which they 
represent. , ,, 

The shape of the ear should 
conform to variety type taper- 
ing slightly from butt to tip, 
but approaching the cylindrical. 

Color of grain should be true 
to variety and free from mix- 
ture White corn should have 
white cobs, yellow corn red cobs. 

The ears should be sound, firm, 
well matured and free from 
mold, rot or insect injuries. 

The tips of the ears should not 
be too tapering and should be 
well filled with regular, uniform 
kernels. 

The rows of kernels should 
extend in regular order over the 
butt, leaving a deep impression 
when the shank is removed. 
Open and swelled butts are ob- 
jectionable. 

The kernels should be uniform 
in shape, size and color, and 
true to the variety type. The 
kernels should be so shaped that 
their edges touch from tip to 
crown. The tip portion of the 
kernel is the richest in protein 
and oil, and hence of the high- 
est feeding value. For this rea- 
son the tip portion should be 
full and plump. 

Northern section 8l^ to 9l^ 
inches, central section 8% to 9% 
inches, southern section 9 to 10 
inches. Long ears are objection- 
able because they usually have 
poor butts and tips, broad, shal- 
low kernels, and hence a low 
percentage of corn to cob. 

Northern section QV2 to ' 7 
inches, central section 6% to IV^ 
inches, southern section 7 to 7l^ 
inches. 

The furrow between the rows 
of kernels should be sm^U. 
Space between kernels near the 
cob is very objectionable. 

The proportion of corn to cob 
is determined by weight, depth 
of kernels, size of cob and ma- 
turity all affect the proportion. 



MANUAL OF 




CORN JUDGING 29 

KULES 

1. Length of Ear — The deficiency and excess in length 
of all ears not conforming to the standard shall be added 
together, and for every inch thus obtained a cut of one 
point shall be made. 

2. Circumference of Ear — The deficiency and excess 
in circumference of all ears not conforming to the stand- 
ard shall be added together, and for every two inches 
thus obtained a cut of one point shall be made. Measure 
the circumference at one-third the distance from the butt 
to the tip of the ear. 

3. Proportion of Corn to Coh — Per cent of corn should 
be from 86 to 87. In determining the proportion of corn 
to cob, weigh and shell every alternate ear in the exhibit. 
Weigh the cobs and subtract from weight of ears, giving 
weight of corn. Divide the weight of corn by total weight 
of ears, which will give the per cent of corn. For each 
per cent short of standard one and one-half points shall 
be made. 

4. In judging corn, a red cob in white corn, or a white 
cob in yellow corn shall be cut at least two points. For 
one or two mixed kernels a cut of one-fourth point, for 
four or more mixed kernels a cut of one-half point shall 
be made. Kernels missing from the ear shall be counted 
as mixed. Difference in shade or color, as light or dark 
red, white or cream color, must be scored according to 
variety characteristics. 

5. Scorifig Tips — ^Where the full diameter of the cob 
is exposed a cut of one point shall be made and a pro- 
portionate cut as the cob is less exposed. Kegularity of 
the rows near the tip and the shape and size of the 
kernels must also be considered in scoring tips, 

6. Scoring Butts — ^If the kernels are uniform in size 
and extend over the butt in regular order give full mark- 
ing. Small and compressed or enlarged or open butts are 



30 



MANUAL OF 




CORN JUDG:::a 31 

objectionable, as are also those with flat, smooth, short 
kernels, and must be cut according to the judgment of 
the scorer. 

7. -Each exhibit should consist of ten ears of corn. 

Indiana Score Card 

POINTS 

1 Uniformity of exhibit 10 

2 Shape of ears 5 

3 Color of ears.... 10 

4 Market condition 5 

5 Tips of ears 10 

6 Butts of ears 5 

7 Uniformity of kernels 5 

8 Shape of kernels.... 5 

9 Length of ears 10 

10 Circumference of ears 5 

11 Space between rows 10 

12 Per cent of corn £0 

Total lO"^ 

A perfect ear of corn should be from 10 to 12 inches 
long and 7^/^ to 8 inches in circumference. The ear 
should yield 88 per cent of grain. 

The ear should taper but slightly, approaching the 
cylindrical to near the point. It should be well filled 
out at both ends, with straight rows of wedge-shaped 
grains. 

Disqualifications: Red cobs in white corn; white cobs 
in yellow com. 

REASONS 



32 



MANUAL OF 




NOT UNIFORM— 333 TOO SHORT, 334 TOO LONG, 335 VERY ROUGH 



corn judging 
Nebraska Score Card 



33 



PERFECT 
POINTS SCORE 

1 Uniformity - 5 

2 Trueness to type 10 

3 Shape 5 

4 Color 10 



5 Market condition — 5 



6 Tips 



7 Butts 



Kernel shape. 



10 Length of ear. 



10 



8 Kernel uniformity.,. 5 



10 



11 Circumference of ear. 5 



EXPLANATION 

Each exhibit should consist of 
10 ears. All of the ears in an 
exhibit should be uniform in 
size, shape, color and indenta- 
tion. Cut each off ear .5 point. 

All the ears in the exhibit 
should be true to the type and 
variety which they represent. 
Cut each off ear 1 point. 

The shape of the ear should 
conform to the variety of the 
type. Cut each off ear .5 pomt. 

The color of grain should be 
true to variety and free from 
mixture. White corn should 
have white cobs and yellow corn 
red cobs. For one mixed kernel 
on an ear cut .25 point; for two 
or three, cut .5 point; for four 
or five, cut .75 point; for more 
than five, cut 1 point. 

The ears should be well ma- 
tured, firm and sound. Cut .5 
point for each immature or un- 
sound ear. 

The tips of the ears should 
not be too tapering and should 
be well filled with regular, uni- 
form kernels. Cut 1 point for 
each tip exposed one inch; for 
less exposures and irregulari- 
ties, cut in proportion. 

The rows of kernels should be 
even and swell out evenly be- 
yond the end of the cob. Cut .5 
point for each poorly filled butt. 
For other irregularities, cut 
from 1 to 3 points. 

The kernels should possess 
like characteristics and be true 
to variety type. Cut .5 point for 
each off ear. 

The kernels should be so 
shaped that their edges touch 
from tip to crown. Cut .5 point 
for each poorly shaped pair. 

The length should conform to 
the standard for the variety. 
Add together the deficiencies 
and excesses in length, and for 
each inch so obtained cut the 
exhibit 1 point. 

Measure from one-third the 
distance from butt to tip and 
for each two inches of the sum 
of the deficiencies and excesses 
cut the exhibft 1 point. 



34 



MANUAL OF 




SLOPE OF EARS — CHARACTERISTICALLY UNDESIRABLE SLOPES 



corn judging 35 

Nebraska Score Card — Continued 



PERFECT 
POINTS SCORE EXPLANATION 

12 Space 5 The rows of kernels should be 

close together from tip to crown. 
Cut .5 point for each ear hav- 
ing spaces between rows over 
l-16th of an inch; for spaces 
over l-32d inch, cut .25 point. 

13 Proportion of corn to Determined by shelling and 

cob 20 weighing half of the ears in the 

exhibit. For every per cent be- 
low the standard for the variety, 
cut 2 poipts. 



REASONS 



Kansas Score Card 



PERFECT 
POINTS SCORE EXPLANATION 

1 Uniformity of ex- Uniform type, size, shape, 

hibit 10 color and indentation. 

2 Shape of ears 5 Cylindrical, straight rows, pro- 

portional length to circumfer- 
ence. 

3 Color of ears 10 White kernels, white cob; yel- 

low kernels, red cob. 

4 Market condition.... 5 Soundness, freedom from in- 

jury, maturity. 

5 Tips of ears 10 Filled out with regular sized 

kernels. 

6 Butts of ears 5 Kernels swelled out about 

_ _ shank regularly. 

7 Uniformity of ker- Uniform type, shape, color, 

nels 5 etc. 

8 Shape of kernels 5 Wedge shaped, straight edges. 

9 Length of ears 10 Conformity to standard. 

10 Circumference o f Conformity to standard. 

ears 5 

11 Space between rows. 10 Furrows between rows of ker- 

nels narrow. 

12 Per cent of corn 20 Conformity to standard. 

Total 100 

reasons 



36 



MANUAL OF 




UNIFORM EARS — THE TYPE, SLOPE, COLOR AND INDENTATION 
ARE UNIFORM 



corn judging 3^ 

Illinois Score Card 

POINTS 

1 TJniformity — 

a Trueness to type 5 

6 Uniformity of ex- 
hibit 5 

2 Shape of ear 5 

3 Color 10 

4 Market condition 10 

5 Tips 10 

6 Butts 5 

7 Kernel uniformity 5 

8 Kernel shape 5 

9 Length 10 

10 Circumference 5 

11 Space— 

o Between rows 5 

6 Between kernels at 
cob 5 

12 Proportion corn to cob 15 

Total 100 

EuLES TO BE Used in Judging 

i. The deficiency and excess in length of all ears not 
conforming to the standard for the variety shall be added 
together, and for every inch thus obtained a cut of one 
point shall be made. In determining the leng'th, measure 
from the extreme tip to the extreme butt. The standard 
of length for the early maturing varieties shall be 9 to 10 
inches. For the medium and late varieties 10 to 11 inches 
in length. 

2. The deficiency and excess in circumference of all 
ears not conforming to the standard of variety shall be 
added together, and for every two inches thus obtained 
a cut of one point shall be made. Measure the circum- 
ference at one-third the distance from the butt to the tip 
of the ear. The standard of circumference for early 
varieties shall be Y to 7.5 inches. For medium and late 
varieties Y.5 to 8 inches in circumference. 

3. In determining the proportion of corn to cob, weigh 
every alternate ear in the exhibit. Shell and weigh the 
cobs and subtract from weight of ears, giving the weight 



28 



MANUAL OP 




SLOPE OF EARS — 101 CYLrNDRICAL, 102 PARTLY CYLINDRICAL^ 
103 VERY TAPERING. YELLOAV RACE 



CORN JUDGINQ 39 

of corn. Divide the weight of corn by total weight of 
ears, giving the per cent of corn. For each per cent short 
of standard for the variety a one point cut shall be made. 

4. In judging color, a red cob in white corn, or a white 
cob in yellow corn, shall be cut ten points. For one or 
two mixed kernels a cut of one-fourth point ; for three or 
four mixed kernels a cut of one-half point ; for five mixed 
kernels, a three-fourths point cut, or for six or more mixed 
kernels, a one point cut shall be made. Kernels missing 
from the ear shall be counted as mixed. Difference in 
shade of color, as light or dark red, white or cream color, 
must be scored according to variety characteristics. 

5. The furrows or angle between the top of the rows 
of kernels is the space between rows. The space between 
kernels on cob is determined by shelling off part of the 
kernels at middle of ear and noting whether kernels are 
pointed, leaving spaces between kernels, or moderately 
wedge-shaped and close fitting. 

STUDY OF CHAKACTEEISTICS 

In order to become accustomed to the points in judging 
a sample of corn, the following list of characteristics is 
given for the use of the person studying corn. By taking 
a sample of twenty-five ears of ordinary corn and studying 
each ear carefully, with this list for reference, each of the 
points mentioned may be brought out by example. This 
study is especially recommended for all persons wishing to 
become familiar with the characteristics of corn. 

Shape op Ear 

Cylindrical — ^Uniform in circumference from butt lo tip. 
Partly cylindrical — ^Uniform in circumference for a por- 
tion of length. 



40 



MANUAL OF 




SLOPE OF EARS — 301 CYLINDRICAL, 302 DISTINCTLY TAPERING, 
303 VERY TAPERING. WHITE RACE 



CORN JUDGINQ 



41 



Slowly tapering — Taper slight, regular. 

Distinctly tapering — Taper very apparent. 

Very tapering — Extremely tapering. 

Too short for circumference; too long for circumfer- 
ence — Proper proportion of circumference to length is 
as 3 to 4, or for medium varieties 7 inches to 10 inches. 

Circumference of ear at huttj circumference of ear at 
tip — (Measure two inches from the ends.) 

Length of ear — (Measure from extreme butt to tip.) 

Rows OF Kernels 

Bows in distinct pairs — The spaces between alternate 
rows of kernels wider than the others. 

Number of rows — Counted three inches from butt. - 

Bows lost — ^Disappearing after extending three inches 
or more from butt. 

"Narrow space between rows — ^Rows, pressed closely to- 
gether. 

Medium space hetween rows— Distinct furrows. 

Wide space hetween rows — ^Wide furrows. 

Rows straight — Parallel with cob. 

Rows turned to right; rows turned to left — ^Rows angle 
to right or left of a straight line from butt to tip. 

Butt of Ear 

Even — ^Entire end of cob exposed, with butt kernels at 
right angles to axis of cob. 

Shallow rounded — Cavity at butt shallow, broad. 

-Moderately rounded — Cavity moderately deep, medium 
diameter. 

Deeply rounded — Cavity at butt deep, small diameter. 



42 



MANUAL OF 




MARKET CONDITION- 



-522 SOUND MATURE EAR, 
IMMATURE EAR 



523 CHAFFY 



CORN JUDGING 43 

Compressed — Cob rounded at end. 

Enlarged — Large butt with no extra rows or kernels. 

Expanded — Large butt caused by extra rows or kernels. 

Open — Greater space between rows at butt. 

Depressed — Kernels at butt flat, smooth and short, indi- 
cating a tight husk. 

Kernels diverging — Space between summits of kernels 
"n same row. 

Tip of Ear 

Kernels in rows — Rows may be traced to tip. 
Flat — Cob flattened at tip. 

Filled — Entire end of cob covered with kernels. 
Capped — A central kernel projecting from filled tip. 

Kernel 

Firm— "Rigid on cob. 

Loose — ^Movable on cob. 

Roof-shaped at one edge — Convex at one edge and flat 
at the other. 

Upright — At right angles with surface of cob. 

Sloping — ^Leaning toward tip. 

Overlapping at summit — As shingles on a roof. 

Straight wedge-shaped — ^Edges of kernels straight, 
tapering. 

Rounded wedge-shaped — ^Edges rounded lengthwise, 
tapering. 

Square at top — Corners not rounded at summit. 

Shoe-peg form — ^Long, narrow kernel holding size to tip. 

Rounded corners — Corners rounded at summit and base. 

Rectangular — Short and broad, as broad at base as at 
summit. 



44 



MANUAL OP 




ARRANGEMENT OF ROWS 227 STRAIGHT, 228 TURN TO RIGHT, 

229 TURN TO LEFT. WHITE RACE 



CORN JUDGING 45 

Beaked — ^With long, sharp, tapering projection. 

Slightly sharp point at summit — Pointed projection 
from chit side of kernel. 

Small sharp point at summit — ^Pointed projection from 
chit side of kernel. 

Bound smooth dented — ^Konnd smooth depression at 
summit of kernel. 

Long smooth dented — Long smooth depression. 

Crease dented — Edges of kernels pressed toward each 
other, leaving small space between, and edges parallel. 

Pinch dented — Edges of kernels pinched closely to- 
gether. 

Bough projection dented — ^With any rough, ragged or 
beaked projection from summit of kernel. 

Bridge dented — Crease dented with fold across center. 
Crumple dented — Seed coat wrinkled as in sweet corn. 
Breadth; depth; thickness— (Exact measure.) 
Color — (l^ote shade.) 

Shank 

Large — ^Nearly the diameter o^ cob. 
Medium — Half the diameter of cob. 
Small — One-third the diameter of cob, or less. 

Cob 

Large — Larger than 4V2 inches in circumference. 
Medium — From 3^/2 to 4V2 inches in circumference. 
Small — 'Not more than 3V2 inches in circumference* 
Color — (Note shade.) 

In the following matter the amount of cut for each 
point is based upon the arrangement of the Indiana score 
card. In the cases of the other score cards with different 



46 



MANUAL OF 




g8 






H ^ 
§H 

o 

% ^ 

^ ^ s 

<=> ^ 2 

S ^ ^ 

^ >" o 

2 O! J 

H -3 M 

^ s S 

!^ ^ Hh 

^ W tf 

^ a g 

S K vj 

o < 

^ ^ b 



15 H a 
<J « 3 

M ?H 3 
M '^ 

o 
a 
o 



CORN JUDGING 47 

arrangements, this difference must be taken into con- 
sideration. As the principles of scoring are the same 
under all conditions, it can be seen that the amount of 
cut on each point can easily be adapted to any score card. 
In most cases definite directions are given in each score 
card differing from the Indiana arrangement as to the 
amount of cut for each point. 

THE WORK OF SCORING 

Following is a discussion of the points in the score 
card, each point being taken up in detail. 

Uniformity of Sample 

By uniformity is meant uniform ears having similar 
size, shape, color, indentation, breed characteristics, etc.; 
in fact, all points which go to make up an ear of corn. 
The ears of the sample should possess similar or like 
characteristics, but the hind of shape or other character- 
istics is not taken into consideration at this time. The 
most important feature of this point is breed character- 
istics ; in other words, the characteristics which enter 
into the distinguishing of one breed from other varieties 
or races. It is impossible to define these characteristics, 
and experience with the different standard races is about 
the only guide in determining the purity of the sample 
as regard race standards. There are distinct lines between 
the races of corn by which we know that a characteristic 
sample is Boone County White or Silvermine, or Leaming 
or other races, but it is only by familiarity in handling 
a large number of samples of these types that these lines 
can be distinguished. 

The ears should present a uniform appearance. This 
point is one of the most difficult to be properly estimated. 
In the beginning actually rearrange the exhibit, if neces- 



48 



MANUAL OP 




CORN JUDGING 49 

sary, and place the uniform ears together. In this way 
a better idea can be gained of the uniformity of the exhibit 
and of the value of this point. If, for example, six ears 
in the exhibit are fairly uniform and four are distinctly 
different in general type, a cut of four points should be 
made. In other words, give the sample a marking of six 
points. This plan will give a just marking, because, 
although the six ears may not be absolutely uniform, 
the four ears are not entirely dissimilar. The shape should 
be uniformly -the same in the different ears of the exhibit. 
The shape- may be very poor, but if the ears are alike they 
must be counted of uniform shape. The size may be too 
large, but if all the ears have the same size and type the 
exhibit will be uniform and no cut should be made in the 
score. It is usually an easy matter tO divide an exhibit 
into the uniform and non-uniform ears where there are 
distinct differences, but the cases of slight differences 
must be cut according to the best estimate of -the judge. 

Shape of Ears " 

In shape the ear must be true to variety shape. For 
instance, the shape of the Boone County White ear is 
cylindrical, while that of the Leaming is slightly tapering. 
Each variety has individual variety peculiarities of shape. 
In general, all ears should be cylindrical, carrying the 
same circumference from the butt to the tip. This shape 
will secure uniform sized kernels from butt to tip. Conse- 
quently there will be a larger proportion of corn to cob in 
such cylindrical ears than on very tapering ears. In most 
tapering ears the taper is caused by the dropping of one 
or more rows of kernels about one-third the distance from 
the butt to the tip. These dropped rows cause irregular 
kernels, a smaller proportion of corn to cob, and a poorly 
shaped ear. The rows of kernels must be straight and 



50 



MANUAL OF 




INDENTATION — 324 SMOOTH, 325 MEDIUM, 326 ROUGH. 
WHITE RACE 



CORN JUDGING 61 

parallel with the cob. If the rows turn to right or left, or 
are irregular and crooked, such irregularity must be taken 
into consideration and a cut made in accordance with the 
experience of the judge. In judging shape count the num- 
ber of well shaped ears true to variety type in the exhibit 
and the number of poorly shaped ears. Cut according to 
the proportion of poorly shaped ears, e. g., for four poorly 
shaped ears, cut the exhibit two points. The scoring of 
shape is a matter of experience, and cannot be determined 
by any set rules. The shape which is most desirable in 
one case may be undesirable in others. It is well to keep 
in mind that the ears should be of such shape that they 
will mature under the climatic and soil conditions in 
which the race is grown, and will admit of the development 
of the largest possible weight of shelled corn of the most 
valuable quality. It is possible that consideration of 
fancy shapes may lead to the development of unprofitable 
types, therefore it is important that the judge realize the 
relation between shape of ear and the value of the ear. 
There seems to be no good reason why ears of corn with 
rows of kernels around the cob instead of parallel with it, 
as is usually the case, may not be as desirable as the 
straight rows. If there was found any advantage in yield 
or other points in the case of the ears having round rows, 
other things being equal, the round rowed types would 
be most desirable. However, we believe that the straight 
rows permit of the development of the greatest weight of 
shelled corn, therefore we give the ears having straight 
rows the preference at present. 

Color op Ears 

For all recognized varieties white corn should have 
white cobs, and yellow corn red cobs. If a yellow 
sample contains a white cob, or a white sample a red one. 



52 



MANUAL OF 




INDENTATION— 124 MEDIUM, 125 ROUGH, 126 SMOOTH. 
YELLOW RACE 



CORN JUDGING 63 

it is an evidence of very careless selection and should 
bar the sample. A yellow kernel in a white ear, or a white 
kernel in a yellow ear, is an evidence of mixed corn.* 
In other words, in the case of the yellow kernel in the 
white ear a stray pollen grain from a yellow variety has 
fallen on a silk and fertilized a kernel of white corn. 
Single mixed kernels in an ear show merely accidental 
mixture, and if the ear is to be used for seed the mixed 
kernels should be removed to prevent it from effecting 
further mixture the next year. In looking for mixture 
the tips and butts of the ears must be closely examined. 
The young ear ripens silks on the butt first, the middle 
of the ear next, and the tip last. If the butt silks should 
ripen so early that the pollen of that variety is not ready 
to fertilize them, they will either not be filled out or will 
be fertilized by the pollen of some earlier variety which 
may be growing in the vicinity. As frequently happens, 
the tip silks may not appear until the pollen of the variety 
is gone. In this case the tip may either not be filled out 
or may le fertilized by pollen of some late variety, thus 
causing mixture. If the mixture is between yellow and 
white corn, it can be seen in the yellowish cast of the 
white kernels or the whitish cast in the yellow kernels, 
particularly in the so-called "White Cap." 

For one or two mixed kernels in an ear a cut of .25 point 
should be made. For three or four mixed kernels cut .5 
point; for four or five such kernels cut .75 point and for 
more than five cut one point. All missing kernels may be 
assumed to be mixed kernels ; and in exhibits in corn shows 
a cut of .1 point should be made for every missing kernel. 

Market Condition 

By market condition is meant ripeness, soundness, free- 
dom from injury or disease, and brightness of color. In 



*BuIletin No. 22, Vegetable Physiological and Pathological 
Investigations, U. S. Dept. Agri. 1900. (Every corn student should 
read this bulletin carefully.) 



64 



MANUAL OF 




LENGTH OF EARS — 304 PROPER LENGTH, 305 TOO LONGj 
306 TOO SHORT 



CORN JUDGINQ 55 

other words, the condition of the ear best adapted for 
marketing. In corn exhibited in the "show ring" market 
condition is usually found by the looseness of kernels on 
the cob. This condition indicates the degree of maturity. 
In drying out, the kernel shrinks, leaving it loose and 
movable on the cob. In an immature ear the season is not 
long enough to enable the plant to store the starch, protein, 
oil, etc., in the kernel to its full capacity. Consequently 
as the excess of moisture dries out it leaves the walls or 
coats of the kernels without being fully packed. Such 
kernels are frequently called "chaffy." 

Testing Vitality of Seed Corn — There is no means of 
testing the vitality of seed which properly comes under 
market condition, except by a germination test. In select- 
ing seed corn it is very important that a thorough test 
of the vitality be made. This can be most easily and 
satisfactorily done by taking three kernels out of every 
ear to be tested, one from near the tip, one from the 
middle and the other from near the butt of the ear. Fill 
an ordinary plate about two-thirds full of fine sand. 
Pour water over the sand until it runs off the plate. Tip 
the plate at an angle of about 45 degrees, and allow the 
water to drain off a few minutes. Now plant the kernels 
of corn point down in the sand and barely cover with sand. 
Make a careful count of the kernels put in each plate 
and keep an accurate record of the number. Now turn a 
slightly smaller plate over the plate of sand to prevent too 
rapid evaporation of moisture and set in a warm place. 
Examine every day and keep the sand moist. At the end 
of ten days all the kernels should have germinated. Count 
the kernels that have sprouted and compute the per cent 
of germinating kernels. In seed corn 97 per cent germina- 
tion in five days constitutes the standard of vitality. 

In scoring maturity take each ear up carefully and give 
it a sharp twist. If it is mature it will remain firm and 



66 MANUAL OF 

solid. If immature it will twist loosely about in the hand. 
Count the number of immature ears and cut the exhibit 
one-half point for every diseased, chaffy, immature ear. 
For instance, if there are six immature ears cut the 
exhibit three points, or give it a marking of two on market 
condition. In the cases where the corn samples must be 
harvested unusually early in order to be sent to the 
exhibit, as at fairs h-^ld early in the autumn, the ears will 
not have dried out, and consequently will be immature. 
In such instances the judge must take this condition into 
account and score on a uniform comparative basis. In 
the study of market condition, the per cent of moisture 
in the samples, the number of diseased and injured kernels, 
together with the amount of all bits of silks, husks or 
other debris, is carefully and accurately determined. Such 
tests may not be practical in the actual process of judging 
samples, but all corn judges should become familiar with 
these tests in order to train the mind to take these con- 
ditions accurately into account in scoring on market con- 
dition.* 

Tips of Ears 

The tips of the ears should be filled out with regular 
uniform sized kernels. No portion of the cob should pro- 
ject beyond the kernels. If the cob does extend beyond the 
kernels it shows that the tip kernels have not been prop- 
erly developed. As the tip silks mature last on the ear, it . 
is natural that frequently the tip will mature so late that 
all of the pollen will have gone by the time the silks of 
the tip kernels are ready to be pollinated. In such cases 
it will be found that the silks on the tip will keep growing 
for an abnormal length of time, providing an opportunity 



*Bulletin No. 41, Botanical Investigations, U. S. Dept. Agri., 
1903. (This bulletin contains a full explanation of these tests 
and should be used as a guide in carrying on this work.) 



CORN JUDGING 57 

for late fertilization. In many cases the tip kernels are 
irregular in size. This is due to partial or irregular devel- 
opment, part of the kernels having been fertilized and part 
unfertilized, or part of them having been fertilized much 
later than others. The fertilized kernels swell out into 
irregular shapes and sizes in an effort to occupy all of the 
space. If the tip is not fully filled out it is an evidence of 
some irregularity in development, and it should be marked 
accordingly. For every exposed tip one inch long make a 
cut of one point. For less exposed tips make smaller cuts,' 
even down to one or two-tenths. In the case of irregular 
kernels on the tip the judge must mark according to the 
degree of irregularity. The rows of kernels should extend 
in straight regular order over the tip. 

It is a matter of common experience that more well 
.filled tips are developed in favorable seasons than during 
unfavorable conditions. It is also true that races having 
characteristically short ears are likely to have better filled 
tips than races having large, long ears, grown under simi- 
lar conditions. It is absolutely necessary that we keep 
in mind the fact that we are selecting those samples which 
will tend to grow more corn per acre, and if long ears 
not covered over the tips with kernels give the largest 
yield, this type is most desirable and should be scored 
accordingly. The cob is an axis bearing the kernels, and 
the larger the cob, other things being equal, the more 
kernels can be developed on each ear. However, as between 
two ears of the same size, grown under similar conditions 
and for like purposes, one having the tip fully covered 
with uniform, regular kernels, and the other having the 
tip uncovered, the covered tip is certainly the most de- 
sirable. In most cases where the tip is uncovered, the 
kernels near the tip are small, irregular and in every way 
undesirable. Therefore these uncovered tips should be 
cut severely, more so than if all the kernels were of the 



58 



MANUAL OF 




CIRCUMFERENCE OF EARS— 319 PROPER CIRCUMFERENCE, 
320 TOO LARGE, 321 TOO SMALL 



CORN JUDGING 59 

regular uniform size and shape. It is necessary for corn 
judges to study tips of ears under different conditions in 
order to gain a safe point of view from which they can 
properly score the filling out of the tips. 

Butts of Ears 

In the case of the butt the rows of kernels should ex- 
tend in regular order over the butt and around the shank 
or ear stalk. "When the shank is removed in husking, a 
regular depression should be left. If the kernels are not 
filled out about the shank, the shank is usually developed 
very large and strong. This interferes very seriously in 
husking, as it is very difficult to break off some of the heavy 
shanks. Not only is this true, but in such cases, the butt 
of the cob not being fully filled over, there is a smaller 
proportion of corn to cob. This filling out about the shank 
can be carried too far, as many other single points may be 
developed out of true proportion. In one of the standard 
varieties it is not infrequent that the ears break off in the 
fall before husking. In other words the shank is not large 
enough or strong enough to support the weight of the ear. 
TJpon examination of such ears the butt will be found to be 
so completely filled out that the shank has been dwarfed. 
The shank has been bred so small that in a heavy wind the 
swinging of the ear back and forth on the stalk breaks the 
ear off from the shank at the butt. A large butt poorly 
filled out is usually accompanied by a large cob. This cob 
will usually be found to be very sappy at the time of har- 
vest. This is a great detriment to the ear of corn, not only 
in loss of grain, but from the fact that such ears are easily 
affected by changes of temperature. The cold weather 
freezes the water in the cob and kernel, and thus expands 
and bursts the cell walls in the germ. This may reduce 
the vigor or destroy the life of the embryo plant. 



60 MANUAL OF 

In the case of the butt the silks occasionally mature so 
eariy that there is no pollen ready for the fertilization of 
the butt kernels, although in most varieties the pollen 
matures before the silks. Therefore we find a large pro- 
portion of good butts more frequently than good tips. 

In showing corn it is very desirable to trim out with a 
knife all traces of the ear stalk. This will add to the 
appearance of the exhibit in a perfectly legitimate way. 
In fact, this grooming of the ears should be carefully 
attended to by the exhibitors, as a little attention will 
frequently add considerable to the scoring of the exhibit. 

The size of the depression in the butt of an ear will 
depend on the variety. In a large variety, as Boone County 
White, it will be larger than in a smaller eared variety, as 
Riley's Favorite. This characteristic must be taken into 
account by the judge through familiarity with the breeds 
of corn. 

In scoring butts a very poorly filled butt in which the 
kernels do not cover the end of the cob should be cut .5 
of a point. If the kernels cover the cob, but are flat, 
shallow and irregular, cut .3 of a point. If the kernels 
are regular in size, but do not swell out beyond the cob, 
cut .2 of a point. In the case of kernels swelling out 
beyond the cob in an irregular manner cut .1 of a point. 
If the kernels are swelled about the shank in regular man- 
ner, leaving concave depression, give full marking. 

Uniformity of Kernels 

The shape of the kernel will depend somewhat on the 
variety. Whatever the shape of the kernel in an exhibit, 
it should be uniform. The size of the kernel should be 
the same in all of the ears. To examine kernel uniformity 
take out two kernels with a knife from each ear about 
one-third the distance from the butt to the tip. Lay 



CORN JUDGING 61 

them directly in front of the ear with tip of kernel point- 
ing toward the ear. In this position the comparative 
shape, size, etc., can easily be noted by the judge. The 
judge should note the ears to see if the kernels are 
uniform in all parts of the ear. For instance, if the ears 
are rough, note that all the kernels are rough, or vice versa. 
A rough kernel usually indicates a deep kernel. In dent 
corn the tip of the kernel is first packed with food for 
the use of the young plant and matures first. As the 
season advances the rest of the kernels fill and mature. 
The seed coats of the kernel are developed far in advance 
of the development of the food in the kernel. As the 
grain approaches maturity the kernel dries, hardens and 
contracts, and the seed coat at the top of the kernel is 
drawn down into stored up food. This is the cause of the 
indentation. The deeper the dent, the greater have been 
the possibilities of development of the depth or length of 
the kernel. 

Count the number of ears having generally uniform 
kernels and mark in proportion to the number of uniform 
kernels. For instance, if there are five sets of uniform 
kernels, and the ears from which the samples were taken 
have uniform kernels, mark the sample 2.5 points for uni- 
'formity of kernels. Of course the five ears that have 
been counted as uniform will not be absolutely unifjorm, 
neither will the other five ears be non-uniform, and the 
proportion will about average up the true value of the 
sample on this point. 

Shape of Kernels 

The shape of the kernel will vary with the variety. 
However, in general, the kernels should be wedge-shaped. 
This wedge shape permits the greatest possible amount 
of grain to the cob. The tips of the kernels are set on the 



62 



MANUAL OF 



% ♦^ 






i 



308 



SPACE BETWEEN ROWS — 307 NARROW^ 308 MEDIUM^ 309 WIDE 



CORN JUDGING 63 

cob in regular manner. In order for the rows of kernels to 
fit snugly together from the point to the crown it is neces- 
sary to have a wedge shape. It is also necessary that the 
edges of the kernels be straight. Otherwise the middle of 
the kernels would touch and there would be furrows or 
spaces between the tops of the rows. This is so true in 
practice that we find ordinarily in the wedge-shaped ker- 
nels that there are from 18 to 24 rows of kernels on the cob. 
But in the case of broad, rectangular kernels or kernels 
with rounded edges we find from 12 to 18 rows of kernels. 
In other words, with the wedge-shaped kernels the greatest 
proportion of corn to cob is found. 

It has been found that there is a correlation between the 
shape of a kernel and the composition. For instance, a 
kernel having a thin tip is usually low in per cent of oil 
and protein and high in per cent of starch. It is usually 
true that such pointed kernels are low in vitality or lack 
constitution, if such a term is admissible as applied to the 
vigor of growth in corn. The most desirable shape, then, 
as a rule, is plump tips having about the same thickness 
as the upper portions of the kernel. The thin pointed 
kernels usually result in space between the tips of the 
kernels as they set on the cob, an undesirable condition. 
Naturally the width of the kernel decreases from the crown 
to the tip in order to allow the kernels to fit snugly to- 
gether on the cob. It is desirable to have this slope devel- 
oped to the point where the sides of the kernels evenly 
touch the sides of the kernels in the adjoining rows. If 
the slope is very sharp it ends in a pointed kernel, space 
occurring between the sides of the kernels near the cob. 
This condition results in a loss of a valuable portion of the 
kernel, usually in comparatively small germs, therefore 
reduces the value of the ear of corn. Such kernels are 
usually referred to as round-pointed kernels, and by break- 
ing an ear of com possessing this type of kernels into two 
or more pieces, and looking at the end sections, these 



64 MANUAL OF 

spaces can easily be seen. From the fact that the kernel 
is the unit of the grain on the cob, it is at once evident 
that it is extremely important to secure the kernel of 
the proper shape, proportionate to its size, and develop 
uniform kernels of this type on the entire ear. The 
desirable type of kernel for every type, as in the case of 
the breed characteristics, is a matter of experience which 
must be gained through familiarity with all types. 

In judging shape of kernel, count the number of wedge- 
shaped kernels in the ten pairs that have been taken out 
for study of uniformity. Mark according to the proportion 
of well shaped kernels. For instance, if there are eight 
pairs of properly shaped kernels, mark the exhibit four 
points on shape of kernels. 

Length of Ears 

The deficiency and excess in length of aH ears not con- 
forming to the standard for the variety should be added 
together, and for every inch thus obtained a cut of .5 point 
should be made. In determining length measure from the 
extreme tip to the extreme butt. In measuring length it 
is most convenient to hold a foot ruler in both hands, one 
end even with the butt and the other end over the tip. As 
the ruler is drawn from ear to ear in the sample, it is an 
easy matter to keep in mind the amount each ear is shorter 
or longer than standard. Add the excess and deficiency 
together. 

Circumference of Ears 

The excess and deficiency of all ears not conforming to 
variety standard should be added together, and for every 
inch thus obtained a cut of .25 point should be made. In 
measuring circumference use a tape line. Measure the 
circumference at about one-third the distance from the 
butt to the tip of the ear. In order to do this conveniently 



CORN JUDGING 65 

and with the least possible loss of time pick up the ear in 
the left hand. Hold the end of the tape line on the ear 
with the index finger of the left hand at the necessary- 
point. Now quickly wrap the tape about the ear and note 
the measurement, adding together the excess, or the lack 
of proper circumference for each ear, and cut according 
to rule. 

Another method of measuring the circumference is to 
measure the circumference of the ear about two inches 
from the butt, and then about two inches from the tip. 
Add the two measurements together and divide by two, 
the resulting figure being the average circumference of the 
ear. The disadvantage of this system lies in the time 
necessary to make the extra measurements and the compu- 
tations. Its advantage is that it takes into consideration 
the tapering of the ear in considering the circumference. 
In view of the fact that a trained judge naturally scores 
on this point under shape of ear, the desirability of this 
method is questionable. 

Space Between Kows 

The first kind of space between rows is the furrow be- 
tween the top of the rows o.f kernels. It is usually greatest 
in broad, shallow kernel or a smooth kernel type of corn. 
To determine the cut for space the following rules can 
be applied if tempered with the judgment of the scorer: 
For less than 1-32 inch, no cut ; for a furrow 1-32-1-16 inch 
in width, one-half point cut ; for more than 1-16 inch, cut 
one point for each ear. This space between rows may be 
a relic of the early type of Indian corn. It indicates a 
reversion to the unimproved varieties and is very unde- 
sirable. It is usually accompanied with a comparativelj' 
small number of rows of kernels on the cob, and conse- 
quently a small proportion of corn to cob, 



66 



MANUAL OF 




SIZE OF COB — 416 LARGE, 417 MEDIUM, 418 SMALL 



L.ofC. 



J 



CORN JUDGING 67 

The second kind of space between rows is the space 
between kernels at the tip about the point where the 
kernels are attached to the cob. In order to examine the 
ear for this point it is probably necessary to shell off a 
space four or more rows in width and four or more inches 
long on one or more ears in the samples. This examination 
may be made at the time and on the ears tested for per 
cent of corn to cob. Examine the sides of the rows first, 
and if there is space the openings between the tip sides 
of the kernels can easily be detected. Turn the ear so 
that the end, either tip or butt, points toward you, and 
examine the ends of the rows down near the cob. When 
there is space, the openings between the tips of the kernels 
can easily be seen. This kind of space is extremely im- 
portant from the fact that it is a result of poorly shaped 
kernels, usually low in vitality and lacking the important 
elements of composition. 

Per Cent of Corn 

The proportion of corn to cob is determined by using 
every other ear in the sample. Weigh the five ears. 
Shell off the grain. Weigh the cobs. Subtract the 
weight of cobs from the weight of ears, and the weight of 
the grain will be obtained. Divide the weight of the 
grain by the total weight of the five ears, and the per cent 
of corn will be obtained. For every per cent short of 
standard cut .5 point. 

The proportion of coxn to cob depends in part on 
the maturity of the ears. If the ears are thoroughly 
dried out the percentage will be greater than in the moist 
ears. 

Storing Seed Corn — ^Many corn breeders dry the seed 
ears by artificial heat. The ears are put up in a tight 
room arranged for ventilation as follows : Set 2x8 up- 
rights along the floor the long way of the room, begin- 
ning with the first row about 18 inches from the 



68 



MAA'UAL OF 




SIZE OP COB — LARGE COB AND SMALL KERNELS CONTRASTED WITH 
SMALLER COB AND LARGER KERNELS. EARS ABOUT THE 
SAME CIRCUMFERENCE (FROM YEARBOOK U. S. DEPT. AGRI. 
1902) 



CORN JUDGING 69 

wall of the seed house. These uprights should be about 
ten feet apart. Now lay the first layer of corn between 
these uprights the length of the seed room, with the butts 
all lying together. Place a second layer on top of the 
first, with butts resting on the tips of the first. This ar- 
rangement will tend to keep an even layer. Repeat for 
six layers. Then nail Ixl-inch strips on the sides of the 
2x8's, resting on one side on the tips and on the other 
side on the butts of the ears. Lay a second section of six 
rows of ears on top these pieces, and repeat until the 
ceiling is reached. Set the next series of sections about 
two feet from the first, so that a man can walk between 
them. The third series of sections can be set within six 
inches of the second, so that every set of sections can be 
inspected on one side. When the corn is taken down it 
will be necessary to begin at the top and work downward. 
A heating stove can be set in the middle of the room. 
It should be surrounded by sheet iron, so that the corn 
around the stove will not be injured by heat so near by. 
In this way the ears will be dried out thoroughly in the 
fall, and the temperature can be controlled during the 
sudden changes in the winter. 

The value of these and other plans for thoroughly 
drying out the seed ears is illustrated by an experiment 
reported, in the yearbook of the United States Department 
of Agriculture for 1902.* 



♦Improvement of Corn by Seed Selection, Yearbook TJ. S. 
Dept. Agri. 1902. pp. 550-551. 



n 



MANUAL OE 





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ARRANGEMENT OF ROWS — STRAIGHT^ TURN TO LEFT, AND TURN 
TO RIGHT. YELLOW RACE 



CORN JUDGING 



11 



Arrangement of Score Eecord 
The following pages give the most convenient ar- 
rangement for judging individual samples of corn and 
general exhibits. The first arrangement provides for first 
judging a sample, then by covering this score or not 
referring to it, rescoring it. Now by comparing these 
scores a close study may be made and a corrected and 
final score put down. 



FORM FOR INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE 
IOWA SCORE CARD 



Date 



Number of Exhibit 


Name of Variety 


STANDARD OF VARIETY 
Length 


Circumference 


Proportion Grain to Cob 








POINTS 


PERFECT 
SCORE 


FIRST 
SCORE 


SECOND 
SCORE 


CORRECTED 
SCORE 


1. Uniformity of exhibit 
or trueness to type, or 
breed characteristics.. 


10 

10 

5 
5 

10 

5 

5 

10 
6 

10 
5 
5 
5 

10 








2. Shape of ears 








3. Color of ears {cJb"'.' 

4. Market condition 














5. Tips of ears 








6. Butts of ears 








7. Kernels {I'^jr."^:: 

8. Length of ears 















9. Circumference of ears 








( Space between rows. . 








10. j " between furrows 
( and kernels at cob 








11. Proportion of com to 
cob 
















Total.... 


100 

















Reasons for chuii .-es 



72 



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